LLNL

Exercises repository

OpenMP adds constructs for shared-memory threading to C, C++ and Fortran

Fork–Join Model:

Consists of Compiler directives, runtime routines and environment variables

Version 4.0 (July 2013), 4.5 (Nov 2015 ) and 5.0 (Nov 2018) add support for accelerators (target directives), vectorization (SIMD directives), thread affinity and cancellation.

https://www.openmp.org/resources/openmp-compilers-tools/

GCC: From GCC 6.1, OpenMP 4.5 is fully supported for C and C++

echo |cpp -fopenmp -dM |grep -i open
#define _OPENMP 201511

Compile with -fopenmp on Linux

Begin execution as a single process (master thread)

Start of a parallel construct (using special directives): Master thread creates team of threads

Fork-join model of parallel execution

program ex1.c

#include <omp.h>
#include <stdio.h>

main() {

int var1, var2, var3;

//Serial code executed by master thread

#pragma omp parallel private(var1, var2) shared(var3) //openMP directive
  {
   // Parallel section executed by all threads
   printf("hello from %d of %d\n", omp_get_thread_num(),  omp_get_num_threads()); 
   // omp_get_thread_num() and   omp_get_num_threads() are openMP routines
  }
    
// Resume serial code executed by master thread
}

Run gcc with the -fopenmp flag:

gcc -O2 -fopenmp ex1.c 

Beware: If you forget -fopenmp, then all OpenMP directives are ignored!

The default threads number is the number of processors of the node (see /proc/cpuinfo)

To control the number of threads used to run an OpenMP program, set the OMP_NUM_THREADS environment variable:

% ./a.out 
hello from 0 of 2
hello from 1 of 2

% env OMP_NUM_THREADS=3 ./a.out
hello from 2 of 3
hello from 0 of 3
hello from 1 of 3

The threads number can be imposed with a openMP routine:

omp_set_num_threads(4); 

Variables outside a parallel are shared, and variables inside a parallel are private (allocated in the thread stack)

Programmers can modify this default through the private() and shared() clauses:

Program ex2.c

#include <omp.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int t, j, i;
#pragma omp parallel private(t, i) shared(j)
{
 t = omp_get_thread_num();
 printf("running %d\n", t);
 for (i = 0; i < 1000000; i++)
 j++; /* race! */
 printf("ran %d\n", t);
}
printf("%d\n", j);
}

gcc -O2 -fopenmp ex2.c 

./a.out

It is the programmer's responsibility to ensure that multiple threads properly access SHARED variables (such as via CRITICAL sections)

Elapsed wall clock time can be taken using omp_get_wtime()

Program ex3.c

#include <omp.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <unistd.h>

using namespace std;

int main() {

double t1,t2; 

cout << "Start timer" << endl;
t1=omp_get_wtime();

// Do something long 
sleep(2);

t2=omp_get_wtime();
cout << t2-t1 << endl; 

}

g++ ex3.c -fopenmp

./a.out

Main directives are of 2 types:

• Fork: PARALLEL FOR SECTION SINGLE MASTER CRITICAL
• BARRIER

#pragma omp <directive-name> [clause, ..]
 {
 // parallelized region 
} 
//implicit synchronization 

#pragma omp barrier //explicit synchronization

A parallel region is a block of code that will be executed by multiple threads. This is the fundamental OpenMP parallel construct.

Examples: ex1.c ex2.c parallel-single.c

The for workshare directive

• requires that the following statement is a for loop
• makes the loop index private to each thread
• runs a subset of iterations in each thread

#pragma omp parallel
#pragma omp for
for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)
printf("hello from %d at %d\n", omp_get_thread_num(), i);

Or use #pragma omp parallel for

Examples: for.c for-schelule.c

The SINGLE directive specifies that the enclosed code is to be executed by only one thread in the team.

The MASTER directive specifies a region that is to be executed only by the master thread of the team. All other threads on the team skip this section of code.

Examples: parallel-single.c

A sections workshare directive is followed by a block that has section directives, one per task

#pragma omp parallel
#pragma omp sections
{
#pragma omp section
printf("Task A: %d\n", omp_get_thread_num());
#pragma omp section
printf("Task B: %d\n", omp_get_thread_num());
#pragma omp section
printf("Task C: %d\n", omp_get_thread_num());
}

There is an implied barrier at the end of a SECTIONS directive

Examples: sections.c

The CRITICAL directive specifies a region of code that must be executed by only one thread at a time.

Example:

#include <omp.h>

main()
{

int x;
x = 0;

#pragma omp parallel shared(x) 
  {
  #pragma omp critical 
  x = x + 1;
  }  /* end of parallel section */

}

Examples: ex2.c

The reduction clause of parallel

• makes the specified variable private to each thread
• combines private results on exit

int t;
#pragma omp parallel reduction(+:t)
{
t = omp_get_thread_num() + 1;
printf("local %d\n", t);
}
printf("reduction %d\n", t);

Examples: reduction.c

int array[8] = { 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1};
int sum=0, i;

#pragma omp parallel for reduction(+:sum)
for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
sum += array[i];
}
printf("total %d\n", sum);

Using just

#pragma omp for

leaves the decision of data allocation up to the compiler

When you want to specify it yourself, use schedule:

#pragma omp for schedule(....)

Examples: for-schedule.c